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SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1.          GENDER DISCRIMINATION AND SEXUAL HARASSMENT

CHAPTER 2.          AGE DISCRIMINATION

CHAPTER 3.          RACE and national origin DISCRIMINATION

CHAPTER 4.          DISABILITY DISCRIMINATION

CHAPTER 5.          RELIGIOUS DISCRIMINATION

CHAPTER 6.          FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT

CHAPTER 7.          FEDERAL CREDIT UNION ACT

CHAPTER 8.          FAMILY AND MEDICAL LEAVE ACT

Chapter 9.          Constitutional violations (42 U.S.C. §1983)

Chapter 10.        Section 301 Breach of Contract/Breach of Fiduciary Duty Claims

Chapter 11.        federal Employer Negligence Statutes

Chapter 12.        Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

TABLE OF CASES

INDEX

Expanded Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1. GENDER DISCRIMINATION AND SEXUAL HARASSMENT

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Title VII

1. Overview

§1:00 Coverage and Scope

§1:10 Procedures

2. Title VII Causes of Action

§1:20 Introduction to Title VII Causes of Action

§1:30 Disparate Treatment Overview

§1:30.10 Indirect Method

§1:30.20 Direct Method

§1:40 Disparate Impact

§1:50 Retaliation

§1:60 Pregnancy Discrimination

§1:70 Sexual Harassment

§1:70.10 History of Sexual Harassment Law

§1:70.20 Quid Pro Quo Harassment

§1:70.30 Hostile Environment Harassment

§1:70.40 Supreme Court Cases

3. Defenses

§1:80 Defenses

4. Damages

§1:90 Damages

B. Equal Pay Act

§1:100 Equal Pay Act

C. 42 U.S.C. §1983

§1:110 42 U.S.C. §1983

§§1:120–1:190 [Reserved]

II. TITLE VII JURY INSTRUCTIONS, INTERROGATORIES, AND VERDICT FORMS

A. In General

§1:200 Nature of Allegations

§1:200.10 Essential Elements

§1:210 Statute Defining Title VII Claim

§1:215 Title VII—Law Prohibiting Discrimination

§1:220 “Gender”

§1:230 “Sexual Stereotyping”

§1:240 Same-Sex Discrimination

§1:245 Reverse Discrimination

§1:250 Preponderance of the Evidence

§1:250.10 Plaintiff’s Burden of Proof—Preponderance of Evidence

§1:250.20 Plaintiff’s Burden of Proof—Preponderance of Evidence—Alternate

§1:260 Statute of Limitations

§1:270 Statute of Limitations—Continuing Violations

§1:280 Question Regarding Statute of Limitations

§1:290 [Reserved]

B. Title VII Causes of Action

1. Disparate Treatment

§1:300 Method of Proof

§1:305 Title VII—Discriminatory Intent

a. Indirect Method (Pretext Analysis)

(1) McDonnell Douglas Instruction Set

(a) Prima Facie Case

§1:310 Elements of Prima Facie Case

§1:320 E.E.O.C.’s Proposed Jury Instruction

§1:325 Elements of Prima Facie Case—Reverse Discrimination

(b) Defense

§1:330 Defense: Lawful (Legitimate, Nondiscriminatory) Reason

(c) Rebuttal: Pretext

§1:340 “Pretext”

§1:350 Method of Proving Pretext

(2) Motivating Factor (Ultimate Issue) Instruction Set

(a) Causes of Action

§1:360 Elements of Cause of Action

§1:361 Sex Discrimination

§1:370 Pattern or Practice Claim

§1:380 Constructive Discharge

§1:380.10 Constructive Discharge—Alternate

§1:380.20 Constructive Discharge—Alternate 2

§1:380.30 Constructive Discharge—Working Conditions

§1:380.40 Interrogatories for Borderline Pretext/Mixed Motives Constructive Discharge Case

§§1:390–1:400 [Reserved]

(b) Burden of Proof

§1:410 Plaintiff’s Burden

§1:420 Motivating Factor

§1:420.10 Motivating Factor—Alternate

§1:420.20 Motivating Factor—Alternate

§1:420.30 Motivating Factor—Substantial Role

§1:420.40 Motivating Factor—“But For”

§1:420.50 Motivating Factor—Mixed Motives Instruction

§1:430 Pretext

§1:430.10 Sex Discrimination: Pretext

§1:440 “Determinative Factor”

§1:450 Rebuttal: Motivating Factor (“Modified McDonnell Douglas Approach”)

§1:460 [Reserved]

(c) Interrogatories

§1:470 Interrogatory—Pretext Case

§1:480 Motivating Factor—“Same Decision” Interrogatory

§1:490 Interrogatories for Borderline Pretext/Mixed Motives Cases

b. Direct Method (Mixed Motives Analysis)

(1) Elements of a Cause of Action

§1:500 General Instruction

§1:510 “Direct Evidence”

§1:520 “Mixed Motives”

§1:530 Adverse Employment Action

§1:530.10 Adverse Employment Action by Supervisor

§1:530.20 Adverse Employment Action—Alternate

§1:530.30 Interrogatory—“Mixed Motives”

(2) Defenses

§1:540 “Same Decision”

2. Disparate Impact

§1:550 “Disparate Impact”

§1:560 Alternative Employment Practice

§1:570 Consideration of Statistics as Evidence

§1:580 Pattern or Practice Claim

§1:590 Defense: Business Necessity

§1:600 Jury Questions

3. Failure to Pay Comparable Compensation

a. McDonnell Douglas Instruction Set

§1:610 Prima Facie Case

§1:620 Defense and Plaintiff’s Rebuttal

b. Motivating Factor (Ultimate Issue) Instruction Set

§1:630 Elements of Cause of Action—Short Form

§1:640 Elements of Cause of Action—Long Form

§1:650 “Mixed Motives”

§1:651 “Mixed Motives”—Alternate

§1:652 Sex Discrimination: Mixed Motives

4. Retaliation Claims

§1:660 “Retaliation”

§1:661 Title VII—Separate Verdicts on Each Claim

§1:662 Title VII—Discrimination and Retaliation—Law Prohibiting Discrimination

§1:663 Title VII—Discrimination and Retaliation—Discriminatory Intent

§1:664 Title VII—Discrimination and Retaliation—Law Prohibiting Retaliation

§1:665 Title VII—Discrimination and Retaliation—Proof of Retaliation

§1:665.10 Plaintiff’s Burden of Proof—Preponderance of Evidence

§1:666 Title VII—Discrimination and Retaliation—Proof of Intent

§1:667 Title VII—Discrimination and Retaliation—Right to Make Business Decisions

§1:668 Title VII—Discrimination and Retaliation—Damages—Discrimination

§1:669 Title VII—Discrimination and Retaliation—Damages—Retaliation

§1:670 Essential Elements

§1:680 Essential Elements—Alternate

§1:690 Essential Elements—Protesting Sexual Harassment

§1:700 Reasonable Basis for Belief Is Sufficient

§1:705 “Adverse Action”—Defined

§1:710 “Acquiescence” and “Causation”

§1:720 “Mixed Motives” and “Pretext” Cases

§1:721 Retaliation—Pretext

§1:722 Retaliation—Mixed Motives

§1:730 Interrogatories—Retaliation

5. Pregnancy Discrimination

§1:740 Pregnancy Discrimination Act Provisions

§1:750 Pregnancy Discrimination as Sex Discrimination

§1:760 Essential Elements

§1:761 Pregnancy Discrimination: Pretext

§1:762 Pregnancy Discrimination—Concern for Safety

§1:770 Same Decision Defense

§1:780 “Mixed Motives Case”—Damages

§1:781 Pregnancy Discrimination—Mixed Motives

§1:782 Compensatory Damages—Pregnancy Discrimination Act

6. “Gender-Plus” Discrimination

§1:790 Coverage Under Act

§1:800 Marital/Parental Status Verdict Form

7. Sexual Harassment

a. Overview

§1:810 “Sexual Harassment”

§1:820 Sexual Harassment—Hostile Work Environment—Severe and Pervasive

§1:821 Sexual Harassment—Quid Pro Quo

§1:830 Sexual Harassment—Explanation

§1:840 Reasonable Person Standard

§1:850 Totality of Circumstances

§1:850.10 Hostile Work Environment—Totality of Circumstances

§1:850.20 Hostile Work Environment—Totality of Circumstances—Alternate

§1:851 Severity of Harassment

§1:860 Conditioning Job Benefits on Submission to Sexual Advances

§1:870 “Unwelcome Conduct”

§1:880 Unwelcome Conduct—Examples

b. Tangible Employment Action Taken

§1:890 “Tangible Employment Action”

§1:900 Liability When Tangible Employment Action Taken

§1:900.10 Essential Elements (By Supervisor With Tangible Employment Action)

§1:900.20 Sexual Harassment—Hostile Environment Created by Supervisors or Defendant Itself

§1:900.30 Title VII—Sex Discrimination—Supervisor Sexual Harassment Resulting in Tangible Action (Quid Pro Quo)

§1:910 Liability When Tangible Employment Action Taken—Short Form

c. No Tangible Employment Action Taken

§1:920 Liability When No Tangible Employment Action Taken

§1:921 Essential Elements (Harassment by Supervisor, No Tangible Employment Action)

§1:922 Essential Elements (Harassment by Supervisor, No Tangible Employment Action) Alternate

§1:923 Essential Elements (Harassment by Supervisor, No Tangible Employment Action) Alternate 2

§1:924 Essential Elements (By Nonsupervisor)

§1:925 Sexual Harassment—Hostile Environment Created by Co-Workers, Customers, Etc.

§1:926 Affirmative Defense

d. Vicarious Liability

§1:930 Vicarious Liability for Sexual Harassment

§1:940 Vicarious Liability—Corporation

§1:950 “Supervisor”

§1:960 “Supervisory Status”

§1:961 Nonsupervisory Sexual Harassment

e. Defense

§1:970 Defense

§1:980 Defenses When No Tangible Employment Action Taken

§1:981 Affirmative Defense (For Use in Supervisor Cases With No Tangible Employment Action)

§1:982 Defendant’s Affirmative Defense

§1:990 Hostile Work Environment—Employer’s Action

§1:990.10 Hostile Work Environment—Employer’s Action—Alternate

§1:1000 Instruction Regarding Use of Grievance Procedure

f. Jury Questions

§1:1010 Jury Questions—Sexual Harassment

§1:1020 Verdict Form—Sexual Harassment

§1:1030 [Reserved]

C. Evidentiary Issues in Evaluating Title VII Cases

1. Statements in the Workplace

§1:1040 Statements Made in the Workplace

§1:1050 Statements Made in the Workplace—Need Not Be Same Actor or Time Frame

§1:1060 Example of Statements Made in Workplace

2. Statistical Evidence

§1:1070 Consideration of Statistics as Evidence

§1:1080 Relevance of Percentage of Employees in Protected Class

3. Other Types of Evidence

§1:1090 Gender as Evidence of Discrimination

§1:1100 Speculation as Evidence of Discrimination

§1:1110 Favorable Treatment of Some Males or Females

§1:1111 Corporation

§1:1112 Use of Deposition to Impeach Witness

D. Defenses and Limitations on Damages

1. General Defenses

a. Business Judgment

§1:1120 Business Judgment—Harsh or Unreasonable (Short Form)

§1:1130 Business Judgment—Any Reason That Is Not Discriminatory (Long Form)

b. Same Actor

§1:1140 Same Actor Inference

2. Affirmative Defenses

a. Bona Fide Occupational Qualification

§1:1150 Bona Fide Occupational Qualification

§1:1160 Bona Fide Occupational Qualification—Reasonable Belief That All Men or Women Cannot Perform Job

b. Bona Fide Seniority System

§1:1170 Bona Fide Seniority System

c. After-Acquired Evidence

§1:1180 Same Decision—Discharge

§1:1190 Same Decision—Failure to Hire, Failure to Promote, Failure to Pay Comparable Compensation, Demotion

E. Damages

1. Actual Damages

a. General

§1:1200 Damages—Instruction Not an Indication of Entitlement

§1:1201 Damages—Dispassionate Common Sense

§1:1210 Motivating Factor—Actual Damages

§1:1215 Title VII—Damages—Discrimination

§1:1220 Calculation of Damages—Present Value

b. Compensatory Damages

§1:1230 Compensatory Damages

§1:1240 Compensatory Damages—Alternate

§1:1241 Compensatory Damages—Alternate

§1:1242 Compensatory Damages—Title VII

§1:1250 Value of Lost Medical and Life Insurance Benefits

c. Backpay

§1:1260 Discharge

§1:1261 Discharge—Alternate

§1:1270 Failure to Promote

§1:1280 Failure to Promote—Stipulated Damages

d. Front Pay

§1:1290 “Front Pay”

2. Nominal Damages

§1:1300 Nominal Damages

3. Punitive Damages

§1:1310 Long Form—Factors

§1:1311 “Maliciously” Defined

§1:1312 Punitive Damages—Motivating Factor—Eighth Circuit

§1:1313 Punitive Damages—Bifurcated Trial—Title VII

§1:1320 Punitive Damages—Shocking and Offensive

§1:1321 Punitive Damages—No Egregious or Outrageous Behavior Required

§1:1322 Punitive Damages—Purpose of Punitive Damages

§1:1323 Punitive Damages—Kolstad Standard

§1:1330 Amount—Factors to Be Considered

4. Mitigation of Damages

§1:1340 Mitigation of Damages

§1:1350 Mitigation of Damages—Alternate

F. Verdict Forms

§1:1360 General Verdict Form

§1:1370 Special Verdict Form: Sex Discrimination—Mixed Motives Case

§1:1380 Special Verdict Form: Pregnancy Discrimination—Mixed Motives Case

§§1:1390–1:1990 [Reserved]

III. EQUAL PAY ACT JURY INSTRUCTIONS, INTERROGATORIES, AND VERDICT FORMS

A. Elements

§1:2000 Act Defined

§1:2010 EPA (29 U.S.C. §206(d)(1))

§1:2020 Essential Elements of Claim

§1:2021 Equal Pay Act (EPA)—Alternate

B. Definitions

§1:2030 Substantially Equal

§1:2040 “Substantially Equal” Discussion

§1:2050 Equal Skill

§1:2060 Equal Effort

§1:2070 Equal Responsibility

§1:2080 Job Titles

§1:2090 Rates of Pay

§1:2100 Comparable Time Periods

§1:2110 Comparable Male or Female

§1:2110.10 Similarly Situated

C. Defenses

§1:2120 Affirmative Defenses

D. Damages

§1:2130 Damages

§1:2131 Equal Pay Act Damages—Alternate

§1:2140 Willfulness

E. Jury Questions

§1:2150 Jury Questions

§§1:2160–1:2300 [Reserved]

F. Verdict forms

§1:2310 Special Verdict Form: Equal Pay Act Damages

§§1:2400–1:2990 [Reserved]

IV. 42 U.S.C. §1983 INSTRUCTIONS AND VERDICT FORMS

A. Statutory Language

§1:3000 42 U.S.C. §1983

B. Causes of Action

§1:3010 Essential Elements

§1:3011 Essential Elements—Alternate

§1:3020 Promotion or Pay Raise

§1:3030 “Under Color of Law”

§1:3031 “Under Color of Law”—Alternate

§1:3040 “Motivating Factor”

§1:3041 “Motivating Factor” and “Cause In Fact”

§1:3050 “Deliberate Indifference”

C. Municipal Liability

§1:3060 Municipal Liability

§1:3070 “Official Policy”

§1:3080 “Official Policymakers”

D. Damages

§1:3090 Nominal Damages

§1:3100 Actual Damages

§1:3101 Compensatory Damages—§1983

§1:3110 Punitive Damages

§1:3111 Punitive Damages—Bifurcated Trial—§1983

§1:3120 Mitigation of Damages

E. Verdict Form

§1:3130 Verdict Form

CHAPTER 2. AGE DISCRIMINATION

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Overview

§2:00 Coverage and Scope

§2:10 Comparison With Title VII

B. Theories of Discrimination

§2:20 Disparate Treatment

§2:20.10 Direct vs. Indirect Method

§2:20.10.10 Prima Facie Case Analysis

§2:20.10.20 Motivating Factor Analysis

§2:20.20 Direct Evidence

§2:30 Disparate Impact

§2:40 Retaliation

§2:50 Hostile Work Environment

C. Evidentiary Issues

§2:60 General Evidentiary Issues

§2:70 Statistics

D. Defenses

§2:80 Overview

§2:90 General Defenses

§2:100 Affirmative Defenses

E. Damages

§2:110 Overview

§2:120 Backpay

§2:130 Front Pay

§2:140 Liquidated Damages

§2:150 Offsets to Damages

F. Older Workers Benefit Protection Act

§2:160 Coverage and Scope

§§2:170–2:190 [Reserved]

II. JURY INSTRUCTIONS, INTERROGATORIES, AND VERDICT FORMS

A. Prohibited Acts, Coverage, Standards

§2:200 Unlawful Acts by Employer

§2:201 Nature of Claim—Eighth Circuit

§2:202 ADEA Introductory Instruction—Third Circuit

§2:210 “Employer”

§2:220 “Single Employer”

§2:230 “Employee”

§2:240 Plaintiff’s Burden

§2:241 Plaintiff’s Burden—Failure to Rehire

§2:242 Plaintiff’s Burden of Proof—Preponderance of Evidence

§2:250 Standard of Proof

B. Theories of Discrimination

1. Disparate Treatment

§2:260 Direct vs. Indirect Method of Proof

§2:261 Preliminary Jury Instruction—Ninth Circuit

§2:262 Elements and Burden of Proof—Failure or Refusal to Hire—No Affirmative Defense—Ninth Circuit

§2:263 Elements of an ADEA Claim—Disparate Treatment—Pretext—Third Circuit

a. Indirect Method

(1) McDonnell Douglas Instruction Set

(a) Prima Facie Case—Elements

§2:270 Prima Facie Case

§2:270.10 Prima Facie Case—Alternate

§2:271 Age Discrimination—Fifth Circuit

§2:272 Defendant’s Burden of Production

§2:273 Age Discrimination: Pretext

§2:280 “Qualified” for Position

§2:281 Qualified for Position—Failure to Promote

§2:282 Qualified for Position—Failure to Promote—Alternate

§2:290 “Adverse Employment Action”

§2:291 “Adverse Employment Action” Defined—Materially Adverse Change

§2:292 Adverse Employment Action—Alternate

§2:293 Adverse Employment Action by Supervisor

§2:300 “Constructive Discharge”

§2:300.10 Constructive Discharge—Alternate

§2:300.20 Constructive Discharge—Alternate

§2:300.30 ADEA Definitions—Constructive Discharge—Alternate —Third Circuit

§2:301 Constructive Discharge—Intolerable

§2:302 Discharge—Elements and Burden of Proof—Ninth Circuit

§2:303 Constructive Discharge—Working Conditions

§2:304 Inference of Discrimination—Similarly Situated

(b) Defense—Legitimate, Nondiscriminatory Reason

§2:310 Legitimate, Nondiscriminatory Reason

§2:311 Legitimate Nondiscriminatory Reason—Alternate

(c) Rebuttal—Pretext

§2:320 Falsity of Reason

§2:320.10 Falsity of Reason—Alternate

§2:321 Nonproduction

§2:322 Inference Instruction

(2) Motivating Factor (Ultimate Issue) Instruction Set

§§2:330–2:340 [Reserved]

§2:350 Elements of Cause of Action

§2:355 Rebuttal: Motivating Factor (“Modified McDonnell Douglas Approach”)

b. Direct Evidence

§2:360 Age as Motivating Factor

§2:361 Age as Motivating Factor—Alternate

§2:370 Same Decision

2. Disparate Impact

§2:380 Elements

§2:381 Elements and Burden of Proof—Ninth Circuit

§2:382 Preliminary Jury Instructions—Ninth Circuit

§2:383 Age Discrimination: Mixed Motives

§2:384 Elements of ADEA Claim—Disparate Treatment—Mixed-Motive—Alternate—Third Circuit

§2:385 Elements of ADEA Claim—Disparate Impact—Alternate—Third Circuit

§2:390 Statistical Evidence

§2:400 Defense—Business Necessity

§2:401 Defense—Business Necessity—Ninth Circuit

§2:405 Defense—Reasonable Factor Other than Age (RFOA)

3. Retaliation

§2:410 Prima Facie Case

§2:410.10 Prima Facie Case

§2:410.20 Elements of ADEA Claim—Retaliation—Third Circuit

§2:411 Causation—Temporal Proximity

§2:412 Protected Activity

§2:412.5 “Adverse Action”

§2:413 Retaliation—Pretext

§2:414 Retaliation—Mixed Motives

§2:420 Summary of Claim

4. Hostile Work Environment

§2:430 Elements

§2:430.10 Elements—Alternate—Short Form

§2:430.20 Age Harassment—Hostile Environment Created by Supervisors or Defendant Itself

§2:430.30 Age Harassment—Hostile Environment Created by Co-Workers, Customers, Etc.

§2:430.40 ADEA Definitions—Hostile or Abusive Work Environment

§2:431 Essential Elements (By Supervisor With Tangible Employment Action)

§2:431.10 Elements of ADEA Harassment Claim—Hostile Work Environment—Tangible Employment Action—Alternate—Third Circuit

§2:432 Essential Elements (By Supervisor With No Tangible Employment Action)

§2:432.10 Elements of ADEA Harassment Claim—Hostile Work Environment—No Tangible Employment Action—Alternate—Third Circuit

§2:433 Affirmative Defense (For Use in Cases With No Tangible Employment Action)

§2:434 Essential Elements (By Nonsupervisor With No Tangible Employment Action)

§2:435 Defendant’s Affirmative Defense

§2:436 Age Discrimination—Factor Other Than Age

C. Evidentiary Issues

1. Age of Replacement

§2:440 Member of Protected Class

2. Less Favorable Treatment

§2:450 Less Favorable Treatment Than Non-Protected Individuals

3. Statements Made in the Workplace

§2:460 Age-Related Remarks

§2:470 Single Remark

§2:480 Remarks—Seniority or Length of Service

4. Reduction in Force

§2:490 Reduction in Force

§2:491 “Mini-RIF”—Single Plaintiff

5. Statistics

§2:500 Statistics

§2:510 Statistics—Must Compare Relevant Populations

§2:520 Statistical Evidence—Weight

6. Destruction

§2:521 Spoilation

D. Defenses

1. General Defenses

a. Business Judgment

(1) Permissible Business Judgments

§2:530 Good Faith Errors

§2:540 Business Judgment

§2:541 Business Judgment—Alternate

(2) Impermissible Business Judgments

§2:550 Salary Savings—Hiring

§2:560 Salary Savings—Replacement

b. Same Actor Inference

§2:570 Same Actor Inference

§2:580 Same Actor Inference—Home Office

c. Other Legitimate, Nondiscriminatory Reasons

§2:590 Unsatisfactory Job Performance

§2:600 Reduction in Workforce

2. Affirmative Defenses

a. Bona Fide Occupational Qualification

§2:610 General

§2:611 Bona Fide Occupational Qualification—Ninth Circuit

§2:612 ADEA Defenses—Bona Fide Occupational Qualification—Alternate—Third Circuit

§2:620 Safety Risk

b. Bona Fide Seniority/Benefits Systems

§2:630 Bona Fide Seniority System

§2:631 Bona Fide Seniority System—Ninth Circuit

§2:632 ADEA Defenses—Bona Fide Seniority System—Alternate—Third Circuit

§2:633 Bona Fide Seniority System—Short Form

§2:640 [Reserved]

§2:650 Bona Fide Employee Benefit Plan

§2:651 Bona Fide Employee Benefit Plan—Ninth Circuit

§2:660 Bona Fide Executive Exemption

§2:670 Tenure Exemption

c. Lack of Qualifications

§2:680 Lack of Qualifications

d. After-Acquired Evidence

§2:690 After-Acquired Evidence

E. Damages

§2:700 Overview of Damages

§2:701 Actual Damages

§2:702 Use of Physician’s Testimony for Damage Purpose—No Recovery for Emotional Distress

§2:703 ADEA Damages

§2:704 ADEA Damages—Nominal Damages—Third Circuit

1. Backpay

§2:710 Backpay

§2:711 ADEA Damages—Back Pay—Alternate—Third Circuit

2. Front Pay

§2:720 Front Pay

§2:721 ADEA Damages—Front Pay—Alternate—Third Circuit

3. Liquidated Damages

§2:730 Liquidated Damages—Overview

§2:730.10 Liquidated Damages—Overview—Alternate

§2:730.20 ADEA Damages—Liquidated Damages—Alternate—Third Circuit

§2:731 Liquidated Damages—Ninth Circuit

§2:740 “Willfulness”

§2:741 “Willfulness”—Short Form—Alternate

§2:750 “Willfulness”—Long Form

§2:760 Evidence to Consider

4. Offsets to Damages

§2:770 After-Acquired Evidence

§2:780 Failure to Mitigate

§2:781 Reduction—Mitigation—Ninth Circuit

§2:782 Mitigation of Damages

§2:783 Failure to Mitigate—Short Form—Alternate

F. Severance Agreements

§2:790 ADEA and the Older Worker Benefits Protection Act— “Knowing and Voluntary” Waiver

§2:791 ADEA Defenses—Waiver—Third Circuit

g. verdict forms

§2:800 Verdict

§2:810 Special Verdict Form: ADEA Damages—Pretext Case

§2:820 Special Verdict Form: ADEA Damages—Mixed Motives Case

§2:821 Special Verdict Form: Age Discrimination—Mixed Motives Case

CHAPTER 3. RACE AND NATIONAL ORIGIN DISCRIMINATION

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Title VII Claims

1. Overview

§3:00 Coverage and Scope

§3:10 Procedures

2. Theories of Discrimination

§3:20 Introduction

§3:30 Disparate Treatment

§3:30.10 Indirect/Burden-Shifting Method

§3:30.10.10 Prima Facie Case

§3:30.10.11 Plaintiff’s Burden of Proof

§3:30.10.20 Defense: Legitimate, Nondiscriminatory Reason

§3:30.10.30 Rebuttal: Pretext

§3:30.10.40 Caution Regarding Use of McDonnell Douglas Burden-Shifting Analysis

§3:30.20 Direct Method

§3:40 Disparate Impact

§3:50 Retaliation

§3:60 Harassment (Hostile Work Environment)

3. Defenses

§3:70 Defenses

4. Damages

§3:80 Damages

B. 42 U.S.C. §1981 Claims

§3:90 42 U.S.C. §1981

II. TITLE VII JURY INSTRUCTIONS

A. Overview

§3:100 “Race Discrimination”

§3:101 Race/Color Discrimination: Pretext

§3:105 Title VII—Law Prohibiting Discrimination

§3:110 “Protected Class—Status”

§3:111 Discrimination by Association

§3:112 Reverse Discrimination

§3:113 Protected Class—Inference

§3:120 “Employer”

§3:130 “Employee”

§3:140 Standard of Proof

§3:150 Plaintiff’s Burden

§3:150.10 Plaintiff’s Burden of Proof—Preponderance of Evidence

§3:150.20 Plaintiff’s Burden of Proof—Preponderance of Evidence—Alternate

§3:160 Continuing Violation

B. Theories of Discrimination

1. Disparate Treatment

§3:170 Evidence of Race Discrimination

§3:170.10 Essential Elements

§3:175 Title VII—Discriminatory Intent

§3:180 Discriminatory Animus—Different Treatment

a. Indirect/Burden-Shifting Method

§3:190 Presentation of Proof

§3:191 National Origin Discrimination: Pretext

(1) McDonnell Douglas Instruction Set

(a) Prima Facie Case

§3:200 Prima Facie Case

§3:201 Prima Facie Case—Reverse Discrimination

§3:210 “Qualified for Position”

§3:211 “Qualified for Position”—Failure to Promote

§3:211.10 “Qualified for Position”—Alternate

§3:212 Failure to Promote—Alternate

§3:220 “Adverse Employment Action”

§3:220.10 “Adverse Employment Action”—Alternate

§3:220.20 “Adverse Employment Action”—Alternate 2

§3:230 “Constructive Discharge”

§3:230.10 “Constructive Discharge”—Alternate

§3:230.20 “Constructive Discharge”—Alternate

§3:231 “Constructive Discharge”—“Intolerable”

§3:232 “Constructive Discharge”—Working Conditions

§3:233 Inference of Discrimination—Similarly Situated

(b) Defense: Legitimate, Nondiscriminatory Reason

§3:240 Legitimate, Nondiscriminatory Reason

§3:241 Legitimate Nondiscriminatory Reason—Alternate

(c) Rebuttal: Pretext

§3:250 Falsity of Reason

§3:251 Evidence of Pretext

§3:252 Race/Color Discrimination: Pretext

§3:253 National Origin Discrimination: Pretext

(d) Rebuttal: Motivating Factor

§3:254 Modified McDonnell Douglas Approach

(2) Motivating Factor (Ultimate Issue) Instruction Set

§3:260 Determining/Motivating Factor

§3:261 Motivating Factor—Alternate

§3:261.10 Title VII—Plaintiff’s Burden—Motivating Factor—Alternate 2

b. Direct Method

§3:269 “Mixed Motives”

§3:270 “Mixed Motives”—Proof of Discriminatory Animus

§3:271 “Mixed Motives”—Proof of Discriminatory Animus—Stray Remarks

§3:272 Race/Color Discrimination: Mixed Motives

§3:273 National Origin Discrimination: Mixed Motives

§3:274 Motivating Factor—Mixed Motives Instruction

§3:275 Special Verdict Form: National Origin Discrimination—Mixed Motives Case

§3:276 Special Verdict Form: Race/Color Discrimination—Mixed Motives Case

§3:280 Defense: Same Decision

§3:281 Defense—Same Decision—Retaliation

§3:281.10 Defense—Same Decision—Alternate

2. Disparate Impact

§3:290 Disparate Impact

§3:300 Business Necessity Defense

§3:310 Reasonable Alternative Practice

3. Retaliation

§3:320 Prima Facie Case

§3:320.10 Title VII—Discrimination and Retaliation—Law Prohibiting Discrimination

§3:321 Title VII—Discrimination and Retaliation—Separate Verdicts on Each Claim

§3:322 Applicable Statutory Provision—Title VII Retaliation

§3:323 Title VII—Discrimination and Retaliation—Discriminatory Intent

§3:324 Title VII—Discrimination and Retaliation—Law Prohibiting Retaliation

§3:325 Title VII—Discrimination and Retaliation—Proof of Retaliation

§3:326 Title VII—Discrimination and Retaliation—Proof of Intent

§3:327 Title VII—Discrimination and Retaliation—Right to Make Business Decisions

§3:328 Title VII—Discrimination and Retaliation—Damages—Discrimination

§3:329 Title VII—Discrimination and Retaliation—Damages—Retaliation

§3:330 Protected Activity

§3:331 Protected Activity—Alternate

§3:332 Protected Activity—Opposition Activity

§3:333 Title VII—Retaliation—Law Prohibiting Retaliation

§3:340 “Adverse Action”

§3:343 Adverse Employment Action by Supervisor

§3:350 Causation

§3:351 “Causal Connection” Defined

§3:352 “Motivating Factor” Defined

§3:360 Legitimate, Nondiscriminatory Reasons

§3:361 Title VII—Retaliation—Right to Make Business Decisions

§3:370 Pretext

§3:371 Pretext—Alternate

§3:372 Retaliation—Pretext

§3:373 Retaliation—Mixed Motives

§3:374 Title VII—Retaliation—Proof of Retaliation

§3:375 Title VII—Retaliation—Proof of Intent

§3:376 Retaliation

§3:377 Plaintiff’s Burden of Proof—Preponderance of Evidence

4. Harassment

§3:380 Hostile Work Environment

§3:380.10 Hostile Work Environment—Factors Considered

§3:380.20 Hostile Work Environment—Totality of Circumstances

§3:380.30 Hostile Work Environment—Totality of Circumstances—Alternate

§3:380.40 Harassment—Hostile Work Environment—Severe and Pervasive

§3:381 Harassment by Supervisor Resulting in Tangible Action

§3:381.10 “Tangible Employment Action”

§3:382 Harassment by Supervisor Resulting in No Tangible Action

§3:383 Essential Elements (By Nonsupervisor With No Tangible Employment Action)

§3:384 Affirmative Defense (For Use in Cases With No Tangible Employment Action)

§3:385 Harassment by Co-Worker

§3:385.10 Harassment by Co-Worker—Alternate

§3:385.20 Racial Harassment—Hostile Environment Created by Co-Workers, Customers, Etc.

§3:385.30 National Origin Harassment—Hostile Environment Created by Co-Workers, Customers, Etc.

§3:386 Defendant’s Affirmative Defense

§3:386.10 Effectiveness of Employer’s Response

§3:387 Elements of Claim

§3:388 Racial Harassment

§3:388.10 Racial Harassment—Hostile Environment Created by Supervisors or Defendant Itself

§3:388.20 National Origin Harassment—Hostile Environment Created by Supervisors or Defendant Itself

C. Evidentiary Issues

§3:390 Statements Made in the Workplace

§3:400 Statistics